الموضوع: طلب مساعده

I am not sure what kind of proposal you want to write (sorry I couldn't open the attachement, it looks like different office than I have). However I will give you some guide in how to write a proposal in general and I hope that will help...My regards


There is no single format for research proposals. This is because every research project is different. Different disciplines, donor organisations and academic institutions all have different formats and requirements. There are, however, several key components which must be included in every research proposal. The specific research problem will dictate what other sections are required. Key components are:

• A description of the research problem.
• An argument as to why that problem is important.
• A review of literature relevant to the research problem.
• A description of the proposed research methodology.
• A description of how the research findings will be used and/or disseminated.

DESCRIBING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Before your proposal can make sense to a reader, he or she must understand clearly what the proposed research will be about. Therefore, you would do well to begin this section with a clear and simple formulation of your research question. Read the following examples:
• This research project explores the extent to which vigilantism is growing within different sectors of the South African population. In particular the research focuses on the factors which promote and maintain vigilantism in our society.
• Many community projects in rural Mpumalanga rely on micro-enterprises (such as community gardens and spaza shops), to extend the income generating potential of communities. The following is an investigation of the extent to which these micro-enterprises do actually influence the broader economic position of these communities.
Flesh out this section with some or all of the following:
• Where does this research question come from?
If it arises out of a debate in the literature, introduce that debate.

• Clarify or quantify any concepts which may not be clear.

Have a look at a very simple example:

This research project explores the extent to which vigilantism is growing within different sectors of the South African population. In particular the research focuses on the factors which promote and maintain vigilantism in our society. Recent reports in the media detailing the operation of extensive and organized vigilante groups have created public interest and concern, and there are important implications for policing policy. A "vigilante" is defined as being "a volunteer committee of citizens for the oversight and protection of any interest, especially one organized to suppress and punish crime summarily, as when the process of law appears inadequate" (Smith, 2001).

WHY THE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT
This section, often referred to as the "rationale" is crucial, because it is one place in which the researcher tries to convince her/his supervisor/external examiner that the research is worth doing. You can do this by describing how the results may be used.

Think about how your research:

* may resolve theoretical questions in your area
* may develop better theoretical models in your area
* may influence public policy
* may change the way people do their jobs in a particular field, or may change the way people live.

Are there other contributions your research will make? If so, describe them in detail. Look at the following example:

In the economic example of micro-enterprises in rural communities, the researcher might argue that the research will:
* provide an understanding of the economic impact of micro-enterprises
* support the government's plans for start-up loans to micro-enterprises
* demonstrate the usefulness of micro-enterprises as part of rural development, thereby contributing to the work of government and non-government rural development organisations.

Detail regarding each of these three points should be added to produce a convincing argument as to the usefulness of the research.
Literature review
The literature review presents one of the greatest challenges of the research proposal to experienced and inexperienced researchers alike.
The literature review:
* Provides a conceptual framework for the reader so that the research question and methodology can be better understood.
* Demonstrates to the expert reader that the researcher is aware of the breadth and diversity of literature that relates to the research question.
It is important that you are able to provide an integrated overview of your field of study. This means that you show awareness of the most important and relevant theories, models, studies and
methodologies

SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT WRITING
Many people assume that any literate person can write a research proposal. This is not automatically true. Writing is a difficult skill to master and one that requires practice and some dedication. Some tips to help you in your writing include:

• Always structure your work in advance.
• Know what you want to say before trying to write it.
• Every sentence must contain one idea only.
• Each sentence must follow logically from the one before. A well written text is a "chain of ideas".
• While writing, keep your reader's needs in mind. This means providing a "verbal map" of your document so that
your reader knows what to expect, and placing "verbal signposts" in your text to explain what is coming next.

FINAL COMMENTS ON STRUCTURE AND STYLE
DO:
• produce a professional looking proposal
• be interesting
• be informative
• write in a way that is easy to read
• include a contents page
• use clear headings and sub-headings
• be concise and precise
• use simple language wherever possible
• construct clear arguments
• check your spelling and grammar
• reference your work fully using an acceptable format
DON'T:
• use words when you are not absolutely certain of their meaning
• use difficult words to impress your reader
• use overly simplistic language
• repeat yourself
• digress
Submission
Before submitting, make sure you have completed each of the
following steps:

1. Proof-read your work carefully.
2. Ask a friend or relative to read your proposal.
3. Ask an experienced researcher or your supervisor to read your proposal.